Nobel Prizes

Nobel Prizes

Year	Peace	Chemistry	Physics	Physiology or Medicine	Literature
1901	J. H. DunantFrédéric Passy	J. H. van't Hoff	W. C. Roentgen	E. A. von Behring	R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme
1902	Élie DucommunC. A. Gobat	Emil Fischer	H. A. LorentzPieter Zeeman	Sir Ronald Ross	Theodor Mommsen
1903	Sir William R. Cremer	S. A. Arrhenius	A. H. BecquerelPierre CurieMarie S. Curie	N. R. Finsen	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
1904	Institute of International Law	Sir William Ramsay	J. W. S. Rayleigh	Ivan P. Pavlov	Frédéric MistralJosé Echegaray
1905	Baroness Bertha von Suttner	Adolf von Baeyer	Philipp Lenard	Robert Koch	Henryk Sienkiewicz
1906	Theodore Roosevelt	Henri Moissan	Sir Joseph Thomson	Camillo GolgiS. Ramón y Cajal	Giosuè Carducci
1907	E. T. MonetaLouis Renault	Eduard Buchner	A. A. Michelson	C. I. A. Laveran	Rudyard Kipling
1908	K. P. ArnoldsonFredrik Bajer	Sir Ernest Rutherford	Gabriel Lippman	Paul EhrlichÉlie Metchnikoff	R. C. Eucken
1909	Auguste BeernaertP. H. B. Estournelles de Constant	Wilhelm Ostwald	Guglielmo MarconiK. F. Braun	Emil T. Kocher	Selma Lagerlöf
1910	International Peace Bureau	Otto Wallach	J. D. van der Waals	Albrecht Kossel	Paul Heyse
1911	T. M. C. AsserA. H. Fried	Marie S. Curie	Wilhelm Wien	Allvar Gullstrand	Maurice Maeterlinck
1912	Elihu Root	Victor GrignardPaul Sabatier	N. G. Dalen	Alexis Carrel	Gerhart Hauptmann
1913	Henri La Fontaine	Alfred Werner	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	C. R. Richet	Sir Rabindranath Tagore
1914		T. W. Richards	Max von Laue	Robert Barany
1915		Richard Willstätter	Sir William H. BraggSir William L. Bragg		Romain Rolland
1916					Verner von Heidenstam
1917	International Red Cross		C. G. Barkla		K. A. GjellerupHenrik Pontoppidan
1918		Fritz Haber	Max Planck
1919	Woodrow Wilson		Johannes Stark	Jules Bordet	C. F. G. Spitteler
1920	Léon Bourgeois	Walther Nernst	C. É. Guillaume	S. A. S. Krogh	Knut Hamsum
1921	Hjalmar BrantingC. L. Lange	Frederick Soddy	Albert Einstein		Anatole France
1922	Fridtjof Nansen	F. W. Aston	N. H. D. Bohr	A. V. HillOtto Meyerhof	Jacinto Benavente y Martinez
1923		Fritz Pregl	Robert A. Millikan	Sir Frederick G. BantingJ. J. R. Macleod	W. B. Yeats
1924			K. M. G. Siegbahn	Willem Einthoven	W. S. Reymont
1925	Sir Austen ChamberlainCharles G. Dawes	Richard Zsigmondy	James FranckGustav Hertz		G. B. Shaw
1926	Aristide BriandGustav Stresemann	Theodor Svedberg	J. B. Perrin	Johannes Fibiger	Grazia Deledda
1927	F. É. BuissonLudwig Quidde	Heinrich Wieland	A. H. ComptonC. T. R. Wilson	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Henri Bergson
1928		Adolf Windaus	Sir Owen W. Richardson	C. J. H. Nicolle	Sigrid Undset
1929	Frank B. Kellogg	Sir Arthur HardenHans von Euler-Chelpin	L. V. de Broglie	Christian EijkmanSir Frederick G. Hopkins	Thomas Mann
1930	Nathan Söderblom	Hans Fischer	Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman	Karl Landsteiner	Sinclair Lewis
1931	Jane AddamsNicholas Murray Butler	Carl BoschFriedrich Bergius		Otto H. Warburg	E. A. Karlfeldt
1932		Irving Langmuir	Werner Heisenberg	E. D. AdrianSir Charles Sherrington	John Galsworthy
1933	Sir Norman Angell		P. A. M. DiracErwin Schrödinger	Thomas H. Morgan	I. A. Bunin
1934	Arthur Henderson	Harold C. Urey		G. H. WhippleG. R. MinotW. P. Murphy	Luigi Pirandello
1935	Carl von Ossietzky	Frédéric Joliot-CurieIrène Joliot-Curie	Sir James Chadwick	Hans Spemann
1936	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	P. J. W. Debye	C. D. AndersonV. F. Hess	Sir Henry H. DaleOtto Loewi	Eugene O'Neill
1937	E. A. R. Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood	Sir Walter N. HaworthPaul Karrer	C. J. DavissonSir George P. Thomson	Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi	Roger Martin du Gard
1938	Nansen International Office for Refugees	Richard Kuhn	Enrico Fermi	Corneille Heymans	Pearl S. Buck
1939		Adolf ButenandtLeopold Ruzicka	E. O. Lawrence	Gerhard Domagk	F. E. Sillanpää
1940
1941
1942
1943		Georg von Hevesy	Otto Stern	E. A. DoisyHenrik Dam
1944	International Red Cross	Otto Hahn	I. I. Rabi	Joseph ErlangerH. S. Gasser	J. V. Jensen
1945	Cordell Hull	A. I. Virtanen	Wolfgang Pauli	Sir Alexander FlemingE. B. ChainSir Howard W. Florey	Gabriela Mistral
1946	J. R. MottEmily G. Balch	J. B. SumnerJ. H. NorthropW. M. Stanley	P. W. Bridgman	H. J. Muller	Hermann Hesse
1947	American Friends Service Committee and Friends Service Council	Sir Robert Robinson	Sir Edward V. Appleton	C. F. CoriGerty T. CoriB. A. Houssay	André Gide
1948		Arne Tiselius	P. M. S. Blackett	Paul H. Müller	T. S. Eliot
1949	John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd Orr	W. F. Giauque	Hideki Yukawa	W. R. HessEgas Moniz	William Faulkner
1950	Ralph J. Bunche	Otto DielsKurt Alder	C. F. Powell	Philip S. HenchEdward C. KendallTadeus Reichstein	Bertrand Russel, Earl Russell
1951	Léon Jouhaux	Edwin M. McMillanGlenn T. Seaborg	Sir John D. CockcroftErnest T. S. Walton	Max Theiler	Pär F. Lagerkvist
1952	Albert Schweitzer	A. J. P. MartinR. L. M. Synge	Felix BlochE. M. Purcell	S. A. Waksman	François Mauriac
1953	George C. Marshall	Hermann Staudinger	Frits Zernike	F. A. LipmannSir Hans A. Krebs	Sir Winston L. S. Churchill
1954	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Linus C. Pauling	Max BornWalther Bothe	J. F. EndersF. C. RobbinsT. H. Weller	Ernest Hemingway
1955		Vincent du Vigneaud	Willis E. Lamb, Jr.Polykarp Kusch	A. H. T. Theorell	Halldór K. Laxness
1956		Sir Cyril N. HinshelwoodNikolai N. Semenov	W. B. ShockleyW. H. BrattainJohn Bardeen	D. W. Richards, Jr.A. F. CournandWerner Forssmann	Juan Ramón Jiménez
1957	Lester B. Pearson	Sir Alexander R. Todd	Tsung-Dao LeeChen Ning Yang	Daniele Bovet	Albert Camus
1958	Georges Henri Pire	Frederick Sanger	P. A. CherenkovIgor Y. TammIlya M. Frank	Joshua LederbergG. W. BeadleE. I. Tatum	Boris L. Pasternak
1959	Philip J. Noel-Baker	Jaroslav Heyrovsky	Emilio SegrèOwen Chamberlain	Severo OchoaArthur Kornberg	Salvatore Quasimodo
1960	Albert J. Luthuli	W. F. Libby	D. A. Glaser	Sir Macfarlane BurnetP. B. Medawar	St.-John Perse
1961	Dag Hammarskjöld	Melvin Calvin	Robert HofstadterR. L. Moessbauer	Georg von Bekesy	Ivo Andrić
1962	Linus C. Pauling	M. F. PerutzJ. C. Kendrew	L. D. Landau	J. D. WatsonF. H. C. CrickM. H. F. Wilkins	John Steinbeck
1963	International Committee of the Red CrossLeague of Red Cross Societies	Giulio NattaKarl Ziegler	Eugene Paul WignerMaria Goeppert MayerJ. Hans D. Jensen	Sir John Carew EcclesAlan Lloyd HodgkinAndrew Fielding Huxley	George Seferis
1964	Martin Luther King, Jr.	Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin	Charles Hard TownesNikolai Gennadiyevich BasovAleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov	Konrad E. BlochFeodor Lynen	Jean-Paul Sartre
1965	United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund	Robert Burns Woodward	Richard Phillips FeynmanShinichiro TomonagaJulian Seymour Schwinger	François JacobAndré LwoffJacques Monod	M. A. Sholokhov
1966		Robert S. Mulliken	Alfred Kastler	Francis Peyton RousCharles Brenton Huggins	S. Y. AgnonNelly Sachs
1967		Manfred EigenRonald George Wreyford NorrishGeorge Porter	Hans Albrecht Bethe	Ragnar GranitHaldan Keffer HartlineGeorge Wald	Miguel Angel Asturias
1968	René Cassin	Lars Onsager	Luis W. Alvarez	Robert W. HolleyH. Gobind KhoranaMarshall W. Nirenberg	Yasunari Kawabata
1969	International Labor Organization	Derek H. R. BartonOdd Hassel	Murray Gell-Mann	Max DelbrückAlfred D. HersheySalvador B. Luria	Samuel Beckett
1970	Norman E. Borlaug	Luis Federico Leloir	Louis Eugène NéelHans Olof Alfven	Julius AxelrodBernard KatzUlf von Euler	Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn
1971	Willy Brandt	Gerhard Herzberg	Dennis Gabor	Earl W. Sutherland	Pablo Neruda
1972		Stanford MooreWilliam Howard SteinChristian B. Anfinsen	John BardeenLeon N. CooperJohn Robert Schrieffer	Gerald M. EdelmanRodney R. Porter	Heinrich Böll
1973	Henry A. KissingerLe Duc Tho	Ernst Otto FischerGeoffrey Wilkinson	Leo EsakiIvar GiaeverBrian D. Josephson	Konrad LorenzNikolaas TinbergenKarl von Frisch	Patrick White
1974	Sean MacBrideEisaku Sato	Paul J. Flory	Martin RyleAntony Hewish	Albert ClaudeGeorge Emil PaladeChristian de Duve	Eyvind JohnsonHarry Martinson
1975	Andrei D. Sakharov	John Warcup CornforthVladimir Prelog	Aage N. BohrBen Roy MottelsonJames Rainwater	David BaltimoreRenato DulbeccoHoward M. Temin	Eugenio Montale
1976	Mairead CorriganBetty Williams	WIlliam Nunn Lipscomb	Burton RichterSamuel Chao Chung Ting	Baruch Samuel BlumbergDaniel Carleton Gajdusek	Saul Bellow
1977	Amnesty International	Ilya Prigogine	Philip W. AndersonSir Nevill F. MottJohn H. Van Vleck	Rosalyn S. YalowRoger C. L. GuilleminAndrew V. Schally	Vicente Aleixandre
1978	Menachem BeginAnwar al-Sadat	Peter Mitchell	Peter KapitzaArno A. PenziasRobert W. Wilson	Werner ArberDaniel NathansHamilton O. Smith	Isaac Bashevis Singer
1979	Mother Teresa	Herbert C. BrownGeorg Wittig	Steven WeinbergSheldon L. GlashowAbdus Salam	Allan Macleod CormackGodfrey Newbold Hounsfield	Odysseus Elytis
1980	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Paul BergWalter GilbertFrederick Sanger	James W. CroninVal L. Fitch	Baruj BenacerrafGeorge D. SnellJean Dausset	Czesław Miłosz
1981	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Kenichi FukuiRoald Hoffmann	Nicolaas BloembergenArthur SchawlowKai M. Siegbahn	Roger W. SperryDavid H. HubelTorsten N. Wiesel	Elias Canetti
1982	Alfonso García RoblesAlva Myrdal	Aaron Klug	Kenneth G. Wilson	Sune K. BergströmBengt I. SamuelssonJohn R. Vane	Gabriel García Márquez
1983	Lech Wałęsa	Henry Taube	Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharWilliam A. Fowler	Barbara McClintock	William Golding
1984	Desmond Tutu	R. Bruce Merrifield	Carlo RubbiaSimon van der Meer	Cesar MilsteinGeorge J. F. KöhlerNiels K. Jerne	Jaroslav Seifert
1985	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Herbert A. HauptmanJerome Karle	Klaus von Klitzing	Michael S. BrownJoseph L. Goldstein	Claude Simon
1986	Elie Wiesel	Dudley R. HerschbachYuan T. LeeJohn C. Polanyi	Ernst RuskaGerd BinnigHeinrich Rohrer	Rita Levi-MontalciniStanley Cohen	Wole Soyinka
1987	Oscar Arias Sánchez	Donald J. CramCharles J. PedersenJean-Marie Lehn	K. Alex MüllerJ. Georg Bednorz	Susumu Tonegawa	Joseph Brodsky
1988	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces	Johann DeisenhoferRobert HuberHartmut Michel	Leon M. LedermanMelvin SchwartzJack Steinberger	Gertrude B. ElionGeorge H. HitchingsSir James Black	Naguib Mahfouz
1989	Dalai Lama	Thomas R. CechSidney Altman	Norman F. RamseyHans G. DehmeltWolfgang Paul	J. Michael BishopHarold E. Varmus	Camilo José Cela
1990	Mikhail S. Gorbachev	Elias James Corey	Richard E. TaylorJerome I. FriedmanHenry W. Kendall	Joseph E. MurrayE. Donnall Thomas	Octavio Paz
1991	Aung San Suu Kyi	Richard R. Ernst	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	Edwin NeherBert Sakmann	Nadine Gordimer
1992	Rigoberta Menchú	Rudolph A. Marcus	Georges Charpak	Edmond H. FischerEdwin G. Krebs	Derek Walcott
1993	F. W. de KlerkNelson Mandela	Kary B. MullisMichael Smith	Russell A. HulseJoseph H. Taylor, Jr.	Richard J. RobertsPhillip A. Sharp	Toni Morrison
1994	Yasir ArafatShimon PeresYitzhak Rabin	George A. Olah	Clifford G. ShullBertram N. Brockhouse	Alfred G. GilmanMartin Rodbell	Kenzaburo Oe
1995	Joseph RotblatPugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Paul CrutzenF. Sherwood RowlandMario Molina	Martin L. PerlFrederick Reines	Edward B. LewisEric F. WieschausChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Seamus Heaney
1996	Carlos BeloJosé Ramos-Horta	Richard E. SmalleyRobert F. Curl, Jr.Sir Harold W. Kroto	David M. LeeRobert C. RichardsonDouglas D. Osheroff	Peter C. DohertyRolf M. Zinkernagel	Wisława Szymborska
1997	International Campaign to Ban LandminesJody Williams	Paul D. BoyerJens C. SkouJohn E. Walker	Steven ChuWilliam D. PhillipsClaude Cohen-Tannoudji	Stanley B. Prusiner	Dario Fo
1998	John HumeDavid Trimble	Walter KohnJohn A. Pople	Robert B. LaughlinHorst L. StörmerDaniel C. Tsui	Robert F. FurchgottLouis J. IgnarroFerid Murad	José Saramago
1999	Doctors Without Borders	Ahmed H. Zewail	Martinus J. G. VeltmanGerardus 't Hooft	Günter Blobel	Günter Grass
2000	Kim Dae Jung	Alan J. HeegerAlan G. MacDiarmidHideki Shirakawa	Zhores I. AlferovHerbert KroemerJack S. Kilby	Arvid CarlssonPaul GreengardEric Kandel	Gao Xingjian
2001	United NationsKofi Annan	William S. KnowlesRyoji NoyoriK. Barry Sharpless	Eric A. CornellWolfgang KetterleCarl E. Wieman	Leland H. HartwellR. Timothy HuntSir Paul M. Nurse	V. S. Naipaul
2002	Jimmy Carter	John B. FennKoichi TanakaKurt Wüthrich	Raymond Davis, Jr.Masatoshi KoshibaRiccardo Giacconi	Sydney BrennerH. Robert HorvitzJohn E. Sulston	Imre Kertész
2003	Shirin Ebadi	Peter C. AgreRoderick MacKinnon	Alexei A. AbrikosovVitaly L. GinzburgAnthony J. Leggett	Paul C. LauterburSir Peter Mansfield	J. M. Coetzee
2004	Wangari Maathai	Aaron CiechanoverAvram HershkoIrwin Rose	David J. GrossH. David PolitzerFrank Wilczek	Richard AxelLinda B. Buck	Elfriede Jelinek
2005	International Atomic Energy AgencyMohamed ElBaradei	Yves ChauvinRobert H. GrubbsRichard R. Schrock	Roy J. GlauberJohn L. HallTheodor W. Hänsch	Barry J. MarshallJ. Robin Warren	Harold Pinter
2006	Muhammad YunusGrameen Bank	Roger Kornberg	John C. MatherGeorge F. Smoot	Andrew Z. FireCraig C. Mello	Orhan Pamuk
2007	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeAlbert Arnold Gore, Jr.	Gerhard Ertl	Albert FertPeter Grünberg	Mario R. CapecchiSir Martin J. EvansOliver Smithies	Doris Lessing
2008	Martti Ahtisaari	Osamu ShimomuraMartin ChalfieRoger Y. Tsien	Yoichiro NambuMakoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa	Harald zur HausenFrançoise Barré-SinoussiLuc Montagnier	Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
2009	Barack Obama	Venkatraman RamakrishnanThomas A. SteltzAda E. Yonath	Charles K. KaoWillard S. BoyleGeorge E. Smith	Elizabeth H. BlackburnCarol W. GreiderJack W. Szostak	Herta Müller
2010	Liu Xiaobo	Richard F. HeckEi-ichi NegishiAkira Suzuki	Andre GeimKonstantin Novoselov	Robert G. Edwards	Mario Vargas Llosa
2011	Ellen Johnson SirleafLeymah GboweeTawakul Karman	Dan Shechtman	Saul PerlmutterBrian P. SchmidtAdam G. Riess	Bruce A. BeutlerJames A. HoffmannRalph M. Steinman	Tomas Tranströmer
2012	European Union	Robert J. LefkowitzBrian K. Kobilka	Serge HarocheDavid J. Wineland	Sir John B. GurdonShinya Yamanaka	Mo Yan
2013	Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	Martin KarplusMichael LevittArieh Warshel	François EnglertPeter W. Higgs	James E. RothmanRandy W. SchekmanThomas C. Südhof	Alice Munro
2014	Kailash SatyarthiMalala Yousafzai	Eric BetzigStefan W. HellWilliam E. Moerner	Isamu AkasakiHiroshi AmanoShuji Nakamura	John O'KeefeMay-Britt MoserEdvard Moser	Patrick Modiano
2015	National Dialogue Quartet (Tunisia)	Tomas LindahlPaul ModrichAziz Sancar	Takaaki KajitaArthur B. McDonald	William C. CampbellSatoshi OmuraTu Youyou	Svetlana Alexievich

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

See more Encyclopedia articles on: Science: General