Nobel Prizes
| Year | Peace | Chemistry | Physics | Physiology or Medicine | Literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | J. H. DunantFrédéric Passy | J. H. van't Hoff | W. C. Roentgen | E. A. von Behring | R. F. A. Sully-Prudhomme |
| 1902 | Élie DucommunC. A. Gobat | Emil Fischer | H. A. LorentzPieter Zeeman | Sir Ronald Ross | Theodor Mommsen |
| 1903 | Sir William R. Cremer | S. A. Arrhenius | A. H. BecquerelPierre CurieMarie S. Curie | N. R. Finsen | Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson |
| 1904 | Institute of International Law | Sir William Ramsay | J. W. S. Rayleigh | Ivan P. Pavlov | Frédéric MistralJosé Echegaray |
| 1905 | Baroness Bertha von Suttner | Adolf von Baeyer | Philipp Lenard | Robert Koch | Henryk Sienkiewicz |
| 1906 | Theodore Roosevelt | Henri Moissan | Sir Joseph Thomson | Camillo GolgiS. Ramón y Cajal | Giosuè Carducci |
| 1907 | E. T. MonetaLouis Renault | Eduard Buchner | A. A. Michelson | C. I. A. Laveran | Rudyard Kipling |
| 1908 | K. P. ArnoldsonFredrik Bajer | Sir Ernest Rutherford | Gabriel Lippman | Paul EhrlichÉlie Metchnikoff | R. C. Eucken |
| 1909 | Auguste BeernaertP. H. B. Estournelles de Constant | Wilhelm Ostwald | Guglielmo MarconiK. F. Braun | Emil T. Kocher | Selma Lagerlöf |
| 1910 | International Peace Bureau | Otto Wallach | J. D. van der Waals | Albrecht Kossel | Paul Heyse |
| 1911 | T. M. C. AsserA. H. Fried | Marie S. Curie | Wilhelm Wien | Allvar Gullstrand | Maurice Maeterlinck |
| 1912 | Elihu Root | Victor GrignardPaul Sabatier | N. G. Dalen | Alexis Carrel | Gerhart Hauptmann |
| 1913 | Henri La Fontaine | Alfred Werner | Heike Kamerlingh Onnes | C. R. Richet | Sir Rabindranath Tagore |
| 1914 | T. W. Richards | Max von Laue | Robert Barany | ||
| 1915 | Richard Willstätter | Sir William H. BraggSir William L. Bragg | Romain Rolland | ||
| 1916 | Verner von Heidenstam | ||||
| 1917 | International Red Cross | C. G. Barkla | K. A. GjellerupHenrik Pontoppidan | ||
| 1918 | Fritz Haber | Max Planck | |||
| 1919 | Woodrow Wilson | Johannes Stark | Jules Bordet | C. F. G. Spitteler | |
| 1920 | Léon Bourgeois | Walther Nernst | C. É. Guillaume | S. A. S. Krogh | Knut Hamsum |
| 1921 | Hjalmar BrantingC. L. Lange | Frederick Soddy | Albert Einstein | Anatole France | |
| 1922 | Fridtjof Nansen | F. W. Aston | N. H. D. Bohr | A. V. HillOtto Meyerhof | Jacinto Benavente y Martinez |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl | Robert A. Millikan | Sir Frederick G. BantingJ. J. R. Macleod | W. B. Yeats | |
| 1924 | K. M. G. Siegbahn | Willem Einthoven | W. S. Reymont | ||
| 1925 | Sir Austen ChamberlainCharles G. Dawes | Richard Zsigmondy | James FranckGustav Hertz | G. B. Shaw | |
| 1926 | Aristide BriandGustav Stresemann | Theodor Svedberg | J. B. Perrin | Johannes Fibiger | Grazia Deledda |
| 1927 | F. É. BuissonLudwig Quidde | Heinrich Wieland | A. H. ComptonC. T. R. Wilson | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Henri Bergson |
| 1928 | Adolf Windaus | Sir Owen W. Richardson | C. J. H. Nicolle | Sigrid Undset | |
| 1929 | Frank B. Kellogg | Sir Arthur HardenHans von Euler-Chelpin | L. V. de Broglie | Christian EijkmanSir Frederick G. Hopkins | Thomas Mann |
| 1930 | Nathan Söderblom | Hans Fischer | Sir Chandrasekhara V. Raman | Karl Landsteiner | Sinclair Lewis |
| 1931 | Jane AddamsNicholas Murray Butler | Carl BoschFriedrich Bergius | Otto H. Warburg | E. A. Karlfeldt | |
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir | Werner Heisenberg | E. D. AdrianSir Charles Sherrington | John Galsworthy | |
| 1933 | Sir Norman Angell | P. A. M. DiracErwin Schrödinger | Thomas H. Morgan | I. A. Bunin | |
| 1934 | Arthur Henderson | Harold C. Urey | G. H. WhippleG. R. MinotW. P. Murphy | Luigi Pirandello | |
| 1935 | Carl von Ossietzky | Frédéric Joliot-CurieIrène Joliot-Curie | Sir James Chadwick | Hans Spemann | |
| 1936 | Carlos Saavedra Lamas | P. J. W. Debye | C. D. AndersonV. F. Hess | Sir Henry H. DaleOtto Loewi | Eugene O'Neill |
| 1937 | E. A. R. Cecil, Viscount Cecil of Chelwood | Sir Walter N. HaworthPaul Karrer | C. J. DavissonSir George P. Thomson | Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi | Roger Martin du Gard |
| 1938 | Nansen International Office for Refugees | Richard Kuhn | Enrico Fermi | Corneille Heymans | Pearl S. Buck |
| 1939 | Adolf ButenandtLeopold Ruzicka | E. O. Lawrence | Gerhard Domagk | F. E. Sillanpää | |
| 1940 | |||||
| 1941 | |||||
| 1942 | |||||
| 1943 | Georg von Hevesy | Otto Stern | E. A. DoisyHenrik Dam | ||
| 1944 | International Red Cross | Otto Hahn | I. I. Rabi | Joseph ErlangerH. S. Gasser | J. V. Jensen |
| 1945 | Cordell Hull | A. I. Virtanen | Wolfgang Pauli | Sir Alexander FlemingE. B. ChainSir Howard W. Florey | Gabriela Mistral |
| 1946 | J. R. MottEmily G. Balch | J. B. SumnerJ. H. NorthropW. M. Stanley | P. W. Bridgman | H. J. Muller | Hermann Hesse |
| 1947 | American Friends Service Committee and Friends Service Council | Sir Robert Robinson | Sir Edward V. Appleton | C. F. CoriGerty T. CoriB. A. Houssay | André Gide |
| 1948 | Arne Tiselius | P. M. S. Blackett | Paul H. Müller | T. S. Eliot | |
| 1949 | John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd Orr | W. F. Giauque | Hideki Yukawa | W. R. HessEgas Moniz | William Faulkner |
| 1950 | Ralph J. Bunche | Otto DielsKurt Alder | C. F. Powell | Philip S. HenchEdward C. KendallTadeus Reichstein | Bertrand Russel, Earl Russell |
| 1951 | Léon Jouhaux | Edwin M. McMillanGlenn T. Seaborg | Sir John D. CockcroftErnest T. S. Walton | Max Theiler | Pär F. Lagerkvist |
| 1952 | Albert Schweitzer | A. J. P. MartinR. L. M. Synge | Felix BlochE. M. Purcell | S. A. Waksman | François Mauriac |
| 1953 | George C. Marshall | Hermann Staudinger | Frits Zernike | F. A. LipmannSir Hans A. Krebs | Sir Winston L. S. Churchill |
| 1954 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Linus C. Pauling | Max BornWalther Bothe | J. F. EndersF. C. RobbinsT. H. Weller | Ernest Hemingway |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | Willis E. Lamb, Jr.Polykarp Kusch | A. H. T. Theorell | Halldór K. Laxness | |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril N. HinshelwoodNikolai N. Semenov | W. B. ShockleyW. H. BrattainJohn Bardeen | D. W. Richards, Jr.A. F. CournandWerner Forssmann | Juan Ramón Jiménez | |
| 1957 | Lester B. Pearson | Sir Alexander R. Todd | Tsung-Dao LeeChen Ning Yang | Daniele Bovet | Albert Camus |
| 1958 | Georges Henri Pire | Frederick Sanger | P. A. CherenkovIgor Y. TammIlya M. Frank | Joshua LederbergG. W. BeadleE. I. Tatum | Boris L. Pasternak |
| 1959 | Philip J. Noel-Baker | Jaroslav Heyrovsky | Emilio SegrèOwen Chamberlain | Severo OchoaArthur Kornberg | Salvatore Quasimodo |
| 1960 | Albert J. Luthuli | W. F. Libby | D. A. Glaser | Sir Macfarlane BurnetP. B. Medawar | St.-John Perse |
| 1961 | Dag Hammarskjöld | Melvin Calvin | Robert HofstadterR. L. Moessbauer | Georg von Bekesy | Ivo Andrić |
| 1962 | Linus C. Pauling | M. F. PerutzJ. C. Kendrew | L. D. Landau | J. D. WatsonF. H. C. CrickM. H. F. Wilkins | John Steinbeck |
| 1963 | International Committee of the Red CrossLeague of Red Cross Societies | Giulio NattaKarl Ziegler | Eugene Paul WignerMaria Goeppert MayerJ. Hans D. Jensen | Sir John Carew EcclesAlan Lloyd HodgkinAndrew Fielding Huxley | George Seferis |
| 1964 | Martin Luther King, Jr. | Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin | Charles Hard TownesNikolai Gennadiyevich BasovAleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov | Konrad E. BlochFeodor Lynen | Jean-Paul Sartre |
| 1965 | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund | Robert Burns Woodward | Richard Phillips FeynmanShinichiro TomonagaJulian Seymour Schwinger | François JacobAndré LwoffJacques Monod | M. A. Sholokhov |
| 1966 | Robert S. Mulliken | Alfred Kastler | Francis Peyton RousCharles Brenton Huggins | S. Y. AgnonNelly Sachs | |
| 1967 | Manfred EigenRonald George Wreyford NorrishGeorge Porter | Hans Albrecht Bethe | Ragnar GranitHaldan Keffer HartlineGeorge Wald | Miguel Angel Asturias | |
| 1968 | René Cassin | Lars Onsager | Luis W. Alvarez | Robert W. HolleyH. Gobind KhoranaMarshall W. Nirenberg | Yasunari Kawabata |
| 1969 | International Labor Organization | Derek H. R. BartonOdd Hassel | Murray Gell-Mann | Max DelbrückAlfred D. HersheySalvador B. Luria | Samuel Beckett |
| 1970 | Norman E. Borlaug | Luis Federico Leloir | Louis Eugène NéelHans Olof Alfven | Julius AxelrodBernard KatzUlf von Euler | Alexandr I. Solzhenitsyn |
| 1971 | Willy Brandt | Gerhard Herzberg | Dennis Gabor | Earl W. Sutherland | Pablo Neruda |
| 1972 | Stanford MooreWilliam Howard SteinChristian B. Anfinsen | John BardeenLeon N. CooperJohn Robert Schrieffer | Gerald M. EdelmanRodney R. Porter | Heinrich Böll | |
| 1973 | Henry A. KissingerLe Duc Tho | Ernst Otto FischerGeoffrey Wilkinson | Leo EsakiIvar GiaeverBrian D. Josephson | Konrad LorenzNikolaas TinbergenKarl von Frisch | Patrick White |
| 1974 | Sean MacBrideEisaku Sato | Paul J. Flory | Martin RyleAntony Hewish | Albert ClaudeGeorge Emil PaladeChristian de Duve | Eyvind JohnsonHarry Martinson |
| 1975 | Andrei D. Sakharov | John Warcup CornforthVladimir Prelog | Aage N. BohrBen Roy MottelsonJames Rainwater | David BaltimoreRenato DulbeccoHoward M. Temin | Eugenio Montale |
| 1976 | Mairead CorriganBetty Williams | WIlliam Nunn Lipscomb | Burton RichterSamuel Chao Chung Ting | Baruch Samuel BlumbergDaniel Carleton Gajdusek | Saul Bellow |
| 1977 | Amnesty International | Ilya Prigogine | Philip W. AndersonSir Nevill F. MottJohn H. Van Vleck | Rosalyn S. YalowRoger C. L. GuilleminAndrew V. Schally | Vicente Aleixandre |
| 1978 | Menachem BeginAnwar al-Sadat | Peter Mitchell | Peter KapitzaArno A. PenziasRobert W. Wilson | Werner ArberDaniel NathansHamilton O. Smith | Isaac Bashevis Singer |
| 1979 | Mother Teresa | Herbert C. BrownGeorg Wittig | Steven WeinbergSheldon L. GlashowAbdus Salam | Allan Macleod CormackGodfrey Newbold Hounsfield | Odysseus Elytis |
| 1980 | Adolfo Pérez Esquivel | Paul BergWalter GilbertFrederick Sanger | James W. CroninVal L. Fitch | Baruj BenacerrafGeorge D. SnellJean Dausset | Czesław Miłosz |
| 1981 | Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees | Kenichi FukuiRoald Hoffmann | Nicolaas BloembergenArthur SchawlowKai M. Siegbahn | Roger W. SperryDavid H. HubelTorsten N. Wiesel | Elias Canetti |
| 1982 | Alfonso García RoblesAlva Myrdal | Aaron Klug | Kenneth G. Wilson | Sune K. BergströmBengt I. SamuelssonJohn R. Vane | Gabriel García Márquez |
| 1983 | Lech Wałęsa | Henry Taube | Subrahmanyan ChandrasekharWilliam A. Fowler | Barbara McClintock | William Golding |
| 1984 | Desmond Tutu | R. Bruce Merrifield | Carlo RubbiaSimon van der Meer | Cesar MilsteinGeorge J. F. KöhlerNiels K. Jerne | Jaroslav Seifert |
| 1985 | International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War | Herbert A. HauptmanJerome Karle | Klaus von Klitzing | Michael S. BrownJoseph L. Goldstein | Claude Simon |
| 1986 | Elie Wiesel | Dudley R. HerschbachYuan T. LeeJohn C. Polanyi | Ernst RuskaGerd BinnigHeinrich Rohrer | Rita Levi-MontalciniStanley Cohen | Wole Soyinka |
| 1987 | Oscar Arias Sánchez | Donald J. CramCharles J. PedersenJean-Marie Lehn | K. Alex MüllerJ. Georg Bednorz | Susumu Tonegawa | Joseph Brodsky |
| 1988 | United Nations Peacekeeping Forces | Johann DeisenhoferRobert HuberHartmut Michel | Leon M. LedermanMelvin SchwartzJack Steinberger | Gertrude B. ElionGeorge H. HitchingsSir James Black | Naguib Mahfouz |
| 1989 | Dalai Lama | Thomas R. CechSidney Altman | Norman F. RamseyHans G. DehmeltWolfgang Paul | J. Michael BishopHarold E. Varmus | Camilo José Cela |
| 1990 | Mikhail S. Gorbachev | Elias James Corey | Richard E. TaylorJerome I. FriedmanHenry W. Kendall | Joseph E. MurrayE. Donnall Thomas | Octavio Paz |
| 1991 | Aung San Suu Kyi | Richard R. Ernst | Pierre-Gilles de Gennes | Edwin NeherBert Sakmann | Nadine Gordimer |
| 1992 | Rigoberta Menchú | Rudolph A. Marcus | Georges Charpak | Edmond H. FischerEdwin G. Krebs | Derek Walcott |
| 1993 | F. W. de KlerkNelson Mandela | Kary B. MullisMichael Smith | Russell A. HulseJoseph H. Taylor, Jr. | Richard J. RobertsPhillip A. Sharp | Toni Morrison |
| 1994 | Yasir ArafatShimon PeresYitzhak Rabin | George A. Olah | Clifford G. ShullBertram N. Brockhouse | Alfred G. GilmanMartin Rodbell | Kenzaburo Oe |
| 1995 | Joseph RotblatPugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs | Paul CrutzenF. Sherwood RowlandMario Molina | Martin L. PerlFrederick Reines | Edward B. LewisEric F. WieschausChristiane Nüsslein-Volhard | Seamus Heaney |
| 1996 | Carlos BeloJosé Ramos-Horta | Richard E. SmalleyRobert F. Curl, Jr.Sir Harold W. Kroto | David M. LeeRobert C. RichardsonDouglas D. Osheroff | Peter C. DohertyRolf M. Zinkernagel | Wisława Szymborska |
| 1997 | International Campaign to Ban LandminesJody Williams | Paul D. BoyerJens C. SkouJohn E. Walker | Steven ChuWilliam D. PhillipsClaude Cohen-Tannoudji | Stanley B. Prusiner | Dario Fo |
| 1998 | John HumeDavid Trimble | Walter KohnJohn A. Pople | Robert B. LaughlinHorst L. StörmerDaniel C. Tsui | Robert F. FurchgottLouis J. IgnarroFerid Murad | José Saramago |
| 1999 | Doctors Without Borders | Ahmed H. Zewail | Martinus J. G. VeltmanGerardus 't Hooft | Günter Blobel | Günter Grass |
| 2000 | Kim Dae Jung | Alan J. HeegerAlan G. MacDiarmidHideki Shirakawa | Zhores I. AlferovHerbert KroemerJack S. Kilby | Arvid CarlssonPaul GreengardEric Kandel | Gao Xingjian |
| 2001 | United NationsKofi Annan | William S. KnowlesRyoji NoyoriK. Barry Sharpless | Eric A. CornellWolfgang KetterleCarl E. Wieman | Leland H. HartwellR. Timothy HuntSir Paul M. Nurse | V. S. Naipaul |
| 2002 | Jimmy Carter | John B. FennKoichi TanakaKurt Wüthrich | Raymond Davis, Jr.Masatoshi KoshibaRiccardo Giacconi | Sydney BrennerH. Robert HorvitzJohn E. Sulston | Imre Kertész |
| 2003 | Shirin Ebadi | Peter C. AgreRoderick MacKinnon | Alexei A. AbrikosovVitaly L. GinzburgAnthony J. Leggett | Paul C. LauterburSir Peter Mansfield | J. M. Coetzee |
| 2004 | Wangari Maathai | Aaron CiechanoverAvram HershkoIrwin Rose | David J. GrossH. David PolitzerFrank Wilczek | Richard AxelLinda B. Buck | Elfriede Jelinek |
| 2005 | International Atomic Energy AgencyMohamed ElBaradei | Yves ChauvinRobert H. GrubbsRichard R. Schrock | Roy J. GlauberJohn L. HallTheodor W. Hänsch | Barry J. MarshallJ. Robin Warren | Harold Pinter |
| 2006 | Muhammad YunusGrameen Bank | Roger Kornberg | John C. MatherGeorge F. Smoot | Andrew Z. FireCraig C. Mello | Orhan Pamuk |
| 2007 | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeAlbert Arnold Gore, Jr. | Gerhard Ertl | Albert FertPeter Grünberg | Mario R. CapecchiSir Martin J. EvansOliver Smithies | Doris Lessing |
| 2008 | Martti Ahtisaari | Osamu ShimomuraMartin ChalfieRoger Y. Tsien | Yoichiro NambuMakoto KobayashiToshihide Maskawa | Harald zur HausenFrançoise Barré-SinoussiLuc Montagnier | Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio |
| 2009 | Barack Obama | Venkatraman RamakrishnanThomas A. SteltzAda E. Yonath | Charles K. KaoWillard S. BoyleGeorge E. Smith | Elizabeth H. BlackburnCarol W. GreiderJack W. Szostak | Herta Müller |
| 2010 | Liu Xiaobo | Richard F. HeckEi-ichi NegishiAkira Suzuki | Andre GeimKonstantin Novoselov | Robert G. Edwards | Mario Vargas Llosa |
| 2011 | Ellen Johnson SirleafLeymah GboweeTawakul Karman | Dan Shechtman | Saul PerlmutterBrian P. SchmidtAdam G. Riess | Bruce A. BeutlerJames A. HoffmannRalph M. Steinman | Tomas Tranströmer |
| 2012 | European Union | Robert J. LefkowitzBrian K. Kobilka | Serge HarocheDavid J. Wineland | Sir John B. GurdonShinya Yamanaka | Mo Yan |
| 2013 | Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | Martin KarplusMichael LevittArieh Warshel | François EnglertPeter W. Higgs | James E. RothmanRandy W. SchekmanThomas C. Südhof | Alice Munro |
| 2014 | Kailash SatyarthiMalala Yousafzai | Eric BetzigStefan W. HellWilliam E. Moerner | Isamu AkasakiHiroshi AmanoShuji Nakamura | John O'KeefeMay-Britt MoserEdvard Moser | Patrick Modiano |
| 2015 | National Dialogue Quartet (Tunisia) | Tomas LindahlPaul ModrichAziz Sancar | Takaaki KajitaArthur B. McDonald | William C. CampbellSatoshi OmuraTu Youyou | Svetlana Alexievich |
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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