French Revolution: Factionalism and War

On Oct. 1, 1791, the Legislative Assembly convened. Some members joined the various political clubs of Paris, such as the Feuillants and Jacobins . Most deputies were middle-of-the-roaders, swayed by the more radical clubs and by the Girondists . Jacobinism was gaining in this period; Liberty, Equality, Fraternity became a catch phrase.

Meanwhile abroad, early sympathy for the Revolution was turning to hatred. Émigrés incited the courts of Europe to intervene; in France, war was advocated by the royalists as a means to restore the old regime, but also by many republicans, who either wished to spread the revolution abroad or hoped that the threat of invasion would rally the nation to their cause. The Feuillant, or right-wing, ministers fell and were succeeded by those later called Girondists. On Apr. 20, 1792, war was declared on Austria, and the French Revolutionary Wars began. Early reverses and rumors of treason by the king again led Parisian crowds to direct action.

• Introduction
• Origins of the Revolution
• The Estates-General and the National Assembly
• The Revolution of 1789
• Factionalism and War
• The Revolution of 1792
• The Republic
• The Reign of Terror
• The Directory and the Coming of Napoleon
• Effects of the Revolution
• Bibliography

The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

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