Indo-European Family of Languages, The
| Subfamily | Group | Subgroup | Languages and Principal Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anatolian | Hieroglypic Hittite*, Hittite (Kanesian)*, Luwian*, Lycian*, Lydian*, Palaic* | ||
| Baltic | Latvian (Lettish), Lithuanian, Old Prussian* | ||
| Celtic | Brythonic | Breton, Cornish, Welsh | |
| Continental | Gaulish* | ||
| Goidelic or Gaelic | Irish (Irish Gaelic), Manx*, Scottish Gaelic | ||
| Germanic | East Germanic | Burgundian*, Gothic*, Vandalic* | |
| North Germanic | Old Norse* (see Norse), Danish, Faeroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish | ||
| West Germanic (see Grimm's law) | High German | German, Yiddish | |
| Low German | Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Flemish, Frisian, Plattdeutsch (see German language) | ||
| Greek | Aeolic*, Arcadian*, Attic*, Byzantine Greek*, Cyprian*, Doric*, Ionic*, Koinē*, Modern Greek | ||
| Indo-Iranian | Dardic or Pisacha | Kafiri, Kashmiri, Khowar, Kohistani, Romani (Gypsy), Shina | |
| Indic or Indo-Aryan | Pali*, Prakrit*, Sanskrit*, Vedic* | ||
| Central Indic | Hindi, Hindustani, Urdu | ||
| East Indic | Assamese, Bengali (Bangla), Bihari, Oriya | ||
| Northwest Indic | Punjabi, Sindhi | ||
| Pahari | Central Pahari, Eastern Pahari (Nepali), Western Pahari | ||
| South Indic | Marathi (including major dialect Konkani), Sinhalese (Singhalese) | ||
| West Indic | Bhili, Gujarati, Rajasthani (many dialects) | ||
| Iranian | Avestan*, Old Persian* | ||
| East Iranian | Baluchi, Khwarazmian*, Ossetic, Pamir dialects, Pashto (Afghan), Saka (Khotanese)*, Sogdian*, Yaghnobi | ||
| West Iranian | Kurdish, Pahlavi (Middle Persian)*, Parthian*, Persian (Farsi), Tajiki | ||
| Italic | (Non-Romance) | Faliscan*, Latin, Oscan*, Umbrian* | |
| Romance or Romanic | Eastern Romance | Italian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Romanian, Sardinian | |
| Western Romance | Catalan, French, Ladino, Portuguese, Provençal, Spanish | ||
| Slavic or Slavonic | East Slavic | Belarusian (White Russian), Russian, Ukrainian | |
| South Slavic | Bulgarian, Church Slavonic*, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian | ||
| West Slavic | Czech, Kashubian, Lusatian (Sorbian or Wendish), Polabian*, Polish, Slovak | ||
| Thraco-Illyrian | Albanian, Illyrian*, Thracian* | ||
| Thraco-Phrygian | |||
| Tokharian (W China) | Tokharian A (Agnean)*, Tokharian B (Kuchean)* |
Note *:
Asterisk indicates a dead language. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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