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• Adams, John Couch
• Al-Battani
• Al-Farghani
• Amici, Giovanni Battista
• Aristarchus of Samos
• Asada Goryu
• Barnard, Edward Emerson
• Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm
• Bode, Johann Elert
• Bond, George Phillips
• Bond, William Cranch
• Brahe, Tycho
• Burbidge, Margaret
• Cannon, Annie Jump
• Celsius, Anders
• Clark, Alvan
• Clavius, Cristoph
• Copernicus, Nicholas
• Donati, Giovanni Battista
• Dyson, Sir Frank Watson
• Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley
• Encke, Johann Franz
• Eudoxus of Cnidus
• Galileo
• Galle, Johann Gottfried
• Hale, George Ellery
• Halley, Edmond
• Herschel
• Hertzsprung, Ejnar
• Hevelius, Johannes
• Hipparchus, Greek astronomer
• Horrocks, Jeremiah
• Hubble, Edwin Powell
• Kepler, Johannes
• Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de
• Lemaître, Georges, Abbé
• Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph
• Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman
• Lowell, Percival
• Maskelyne, Nevil
• Mayer, Johan Tobias
• Mitchell, Maria
• Newcomb, Simon
• Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus
• Oort, Jan Hendrik
• Piazzi, Giuseppe
• Picard, Jean
• Pickering, Edward Charles
• Pickering, William Henry
• Ptolemy
• Ritchey, George Willis
• Rømer, Olaus
• Russell, Henry Norris
• Sagan, Carl Edward
• Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio
• Shklovsky, Iosif Samuilovich
• Sitter, Willem de
• Slipher, Vesto Melvin
• Tombaugh, Clyde W.
• Ulugh-Beg

• Abbot, Charles Greeley
• Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan
• Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley
• Fowler, William Alfred
• Hawking, Stephen William
• Hoyle, Sir Fred
• Lemaître, Georges, Abbé
• Menzel, Donald Howard
• Ride, Sally K.

• Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus
• Arrhenius, Svante August
• Atwater, Wilbur Olin
• Baekeland, Leo Hendrik
• Barton, Derek H. R.
• Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcelin
• Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte
• Berzelius, Jöns Jakob, Baron
• Böttger, Johann Friedrich
• Boyle, Robert
• Brongniart, Alexandre
• Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm
• Cannizzaro, Stanislao
• Carothers, Wallace Hume
• Cavendish, Henry
• Chaptal, Jean Antoine
• Cori, Carl Ferdinand
• Cram, Donald J.
• Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik, Baron
• Crookes, Sir William
• Curie
• Dalton, John
• Dam, Henrik
• Davy, Sir Humphry
• Dewar, Sir James
• Djerassi, Carl
• Doisy, Edward Adelbert
• Draper, John William
• du Vigneaud, Vincent
• Erlenmeyer, Richard A. C. E.
• Frankland, Sir Edward
• Funk, Casimir
• Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
• Glauber, Johann Rudolf
• Graham, Thomas
• Haber, Fritz
• Hahn, Otto
• Hassel, Odd
• Helmont, Jan Baptista van
• Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot
• Hoffmann, Roald
• Hofmann, August Wilhelm von
• Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland
• Jabir
• Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August
• Klaproth, Martin Heinrich
• Kuhn, Richard
• Langmuir, Irving
• Laurent, Auguste
• Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent
• Le Châtelier, Henri Louis
• Lehn, Jean-Marie
• Lewis, Gilbert Newton
• Libby, Willard Frank
• Liebig, Justus, Baron von
• Macintosh, Charles
• Magnus, Heinrich Gustav
• Marggraf, Andreas Sigismund
• Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich
• Merrifield, Robert Bruce
• Meyer, Julius Lothar
• Morley, Edward Williams
• Nernst, Walther Hermann
• Newlands, John Alexander Reina
• Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
• Nobel, Alfred Bernhard
• Oersted, Hans Christian
• Ostwald, Wilhelm
• Paneth, Friedrich Adolf
• Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus
• Pasteur, Louis
• Pauling, Linus Carl
• Pelletier, Pierre Joseph
• Perkin, Sir William Henry
• Priestley, Joseph
• Proust, Joseph Louis
• Prout, William
• Ramsay, Sir William
• Richards, Ellen Henrietta Swallow
• Rowland, F. Sherwood (Sherry)
• Sanger, Frederick
• Scheele, Karl Wilhelm
• Seaborg, Glenn Theodore
• Soddy, Frederick
• Solvay, Ernest
• Sörensen, Sören Peter Lauritz
• Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
• Tennant, Smithson
• Urey, Harold Clayton
• Welsbach, Carl Auer, Baron von
• Wiley, Harvey Washington
• Williams, Roger John
• Windaus, Adolf
• Wöhler, Friedrich
• Wollaston, William Hyde
• Woodward, Robert Burns
• Wurtz, Charles Adolphe

• Abbe, Ernst
• Alvarez, Luis Walter
• Ampère, André Marie
• Anderson, Carl David
• Anderson, Philip Warren
• Ångström, Anders Jöns
• Arago, Dominique François
• Archimedes
• Arsonval, Arsène d'
• Avogadro, Amedeo, conte di Quaregna
• Bardeen, John
• Basov, Nikolai Gennadiyevich
• Beccaria, Giambattista
• Becquerel
• Bednorz, Johannes Georg
• Bethe, Hans Albrecht
• Bhabha, Homi Jehangir
• Binnig, Gerd
• Birkeland, Kristian
• Bjerknes, Vilhelm Frimann Koren
• Bohr, Aage Niels
• Bohr, Niels Henrik David
• Boltzmann, Ludwig
• Boyle, Robert
• Bragg, Sir William Henry
• Bragg, Sir William Lawrence
• Braun, Karl Ferdinand
• Broglie, Louis Victor, duc de
• Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
• Cavendish, Henry
• Chadwick, Sir James
• Charles, Jacques Alexandre César
• Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich
• Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich
• Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emanuel
• Compton, Arthur Holly
• Cormack, Allan MacLeod
• Coulomb, Charles Augustin de
• Curie
• Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
• Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice
• Drebbel, Cornelis Jacobszoon
• Duhem, Pierre Maurice Marie
• Ehrenfest, Paul
• Einstein, Albert
• Faraday, Michael
• Fechner, Gustav Theodor
• Fermi, Enrico
• Feynman, Richard Phillips
• Fitzgerald, George Francis
• Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis
• Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon
• Franck, James
• Fresnel, Augustin Jean
• Friedman, Jerome Isaac
• Fuchs, Klaus Emil
• Galileo
• Gamow, George
• Geiger, Johannes Wilhelm
• Gell-Mann, Murray
• Gibbs, Josiah Willard
• Goddard, Robert Hutchings
• Grimaldi, Francesco Maria
• Guericke, Otto von
• Hansen, William Webster
• Hawking, Stephen William
• Heaviside, Oliver
• Heisenberg, Werner
• Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von
• Henry, Joseph
• Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf
• Hess, Victor Francis
• Hevesy, Georg von
• Hooke, Robert
• Huygens, Christiaan
• Joliot-Curie
• Joule, James Prescott
• Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike
• Kelvin, William Thomson, 1st Baron
• Kendall, Henry Way
• Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert
• Landau, Lev Davidovich
• Lawrence, Ernest Orlando
• Lebedev, Pyotr Nikolaevich
• Lederman, Leon Max
• Lindemann, Frederick Alexander
• Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
• Mach, Ernst
• Marconi, Guglielmo, Marchese
• Mariotte, Edme
• Maxwell, James Clerk
• Mayer, Julius Robert von
• McMillan, Edwin Mattison
• Meitner, Lise
• Michelson, Albert Abraham
• Millikan, Robert Andrews
• Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys
• Müller, Karl Alexander
• Newton, Sir Isaac
• Nollet, Jean Antoine
• Oersted, Hans Christian
• Ohm, Georg Simon
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert
• Papin, Denis
• Pauli, Wolfgang
• Penzias, Arno Allan
• Piccard, Auguste
• Planck, Max
• Poynting, John Henry
• Prokhorov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich
• Pupin, Michael Idvorsky
• Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata
• Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron
• Réaumur, René Antoine Ferchault de
• Richter, Burton
• Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad
• Rohrer, Heinrich
• Rubbia, Carlo
• Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count
• Rutherford, Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron
• Saha, Meghnad
• Sakharov, Andrei Dmitriyevich
• Schawlow, Arthur Leonard
• Schrödinger, Erwin
• Shockley, William Bradford
• Stefan, Josef
• Steinberger, Jack
• Szilard, Leo
• Taylor, Richard E.
• Teller, Edward
• Thomson, Sir Joseph John
• Torricelli, Evangelista
• Tyndall, John
• Van de Graaff, Robert Jemison
• van der Meer, Simon
• van der Waals, Johannes Diderik
• Volta, Alessandro, Conte
• Weber, Wilhelm Eduard
• Wheatstone, Sir Charles
• Wheeler, John
• Wigner, Eugene Paul
• Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees
• Wood, Robert Williams
• Young, Thomas
• Zeeman, Pieter
• Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

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One U.S. president was born on July 4; three presidents died on that day.