Modern Egypt: Rulers

• Baybars I, Mamluk sultan (1260–77) of Egypt and Syria
• Muhammad Ali, pasha of Egypt after 1805
• Ismail Pasha, ruler of Egypt (1863–79)
• Tewfik Pasha (Muhammad Tewfik), khedive of Egypt (1879–92)
• Abbas II, last khedive of Egypt (1892–1914)
• Fuad I (Ahmed Fuad Pasha), first king of modern Egypt (1922–36)
• Farouk, king of Egypt (1936–52)
• Gamal Abdal Nasser, Egyptian army officer and political leader, first president of the republic of Egypt (1956–70)
• Anwar al-Sadat, Egyptian political leader and president (1970–81)
• Muhammad Hosni Mubarak, president of Egypt (1981–)

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