Washington, DC

Created municipal corporation: Feb. 21, 1871

Mayor: Vincent C. Gray (to Dec. 2014)

Motto: Justitia omnibus (Justice to all)

Flower: American beauty rose; Tree: Scarlet oak

2010 census population (rank): 601,723 (24); % change: –5.7; Male: 284,222 (47.2%); Female: 317,501 (52.8%); White: 231,471 (38.5%); Black: 305,125 (50.7%); American Indian and Alaska Native: 2,079 (0.3%); Asian: 21,056 (3.5%); Other race: 24,374 (4.1%); Two or more races: 17,316 (2.9%); Hispanic/Latino: 54,749 (9.1%). 2010 percent population 18 and over: 83.2%; 65 and over: 11.4%; Median age: 33.8.

2005 population estimate (rank): 550,521 (27)

Land area: 61 sq mi. (158 sq km);

Alt.: Highest, 420 ft.; lowest, sea level

Avg. daily temp.: Jan., 34.6° F; July, 80.0° F

Churches: Protestant, 610; Roman Catholic, 132; Jewish, 9;

City parks: 300 (800 ac.);

Radio stations: AM, 9; FM, 38;

Television stations: 19

Civilian Labor Force (MSA) June 2012: 3,236,100¹;

Unemployed: 104,000¹;

Percent: 5.7¹;

Per capita personal income 2010: $42,078

Board of Trade: Greater Washington Board of Trade, 1129 20th Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036

Chamber of Commerce: DC Chamber of Commerce, 1213 K St. NW, Washington, DC 20005

1. Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–Va.–Md.–W.Va.

The District of Columbia—identical with the city of Washington—is the capital of the United States. It is located between Virginia and Maryland on the Potomac River. The district is named after Columbus.

DC history began in 1790 when Congress directed selection of a new capital site, 100 sq mi, along the Potomac. When the site was determined, it included 30.75 sq mi on the Virginia side of the river. In 1846, however, Congress returned that area to Virginia, leaving the 68.25 sq mi ceded by Maryland in 1788. The seat of government was transferred from Philadelphia to Washington on Dec. 1, 1800, and President John Adams became the first resident in the White House.

The city was planned and partly laid out by Maj. Pierre Charles L'Enfant, a French engineer. This work was perfected and completed by Maj. Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker, a freeborn black man who was an astronomer and mathematician. In 1814, during the War of 1812, a British force burned the capital including the White House.

The District of Columbia was administered by three commissioners appointed by the president, until Nov. 3, 1967 when a mayor-commissioner and a 9-member council, appointed by the president, took office. On May 7, 1974, a Home Rule Charter was approved, giving DC its first elected municipal government in over a century. The district has one nonvoting member in the House of Representatives and an elected Board of Education.

A proposed constitutional amendment, which would give Washington a voting representation in Congress, failed to be ratified by the requisite 38 states. Petition and bills for DC's statehood were introduced in 1983 and 1993 and the district continues its push for statehood.

The federal government and tourism are the mainstays of the city's economy, and many unions, business, professional, and nonprofit organizations are headquartered there. Among the city's many educational institutions are the Catholic University of America, Georgetown University, Howard University, and Gallaudet University. Cultural attractions include the National Gallery of Art, the Smithsonian Institution, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and the Folger Shakespeare Library.

See also Encyclopedia: Washington, DC.