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 RussiaAttempts at Chechen Independence FailIn March 2003, Chechens voted in a referendum that approved a new
regional constitution making Chechnya a separatist republic within Russia.
Agreeing to the constitution meant abandoning claims for complete
independence, and the new powers accorded the republic were little more
than cosmetic. During 2003, there were 11 bomb attacks against Russia that
were believed to have been orchestrated by Chechen rebels.
In April 2003 reformist politician Sergei Yushenkov became the third
outspoken critic of the Kremlin to be assassinated in five years. Just
hours before he was gunned down, Yushenkov had officially registered his
new political party, Liberal Russia. In Nov. 2003, billionaire Mikhail
Khodorkovsky, president of the Yukos oil company, was arrested on charges
of fraud and tax evasion. Khodorkovsky supported liberal opposition
parties, which led many to suspect that President Putin may have
engineered his arrest. On May 31, 2005, Khodorkovsky was sentenced to nine
years in prison.
Putin was reelected president in March 2004, with 70% of the vote.
International election observers considered the process less than
democratic.
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