Universities of Paris and Oxford founded in France and England.
1162
Thomas á Becket named Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered by Henry II's men (1170). Troubadours (wandering minstrels) glorify romantic concepts of feudalism.
1169
Ibn-Rushd begins translating Aristotle's works.
1189
Richard I (“the Lionhearted”) succeeds Henry II in England, killed in France (1199), succeeded by King John. Third Crusade.