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Travel to Georgia — Unbiased reviews and great
deals from TripAdvisorGeorgia
| Georgia National name:
Sak'art'velo President: Mikhail
Saakashvili (2004) Prime
Minister: Lado Gurgenidze (2007) Minister of State: Avtandil Jorbenadze
(2001)
Current government officials
Total area: 26,911 sq mi (69,700 sq
km) Population (2008 est.): 4,630,841
(growth rate: –0.3%); birth rate: 10.6/1000; infant mortality rate:
16.7/1000; life expectancy: 76.5; density per sq mi: 66
Capital and largest city (2003 est.):
Tbilisi, 1,440,000 (metro. area), 1,240,200
(city proper) Other large cities:
Kutaisi, 268,800; Batoumi, 145,400; and Sokhumi, 110,300 Monetary unit: Lari
Languages:
Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian
7%, Azerbaijani 6%, other 7% (Abkhaz is the official language in
Abkhazia)
Ethnicity/race:
Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%,
Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002)
Religions:
Orthodox 84%, Islam 10%, Armenian-Gregorian 4%,
Catholic 1% (2002) Literacy rate:
100% (2004 est.) Economic summary:
GDP/PPP (2007 est.): $20.5 billion; per capita $4,700. Real
growth rate: 12.4%. Inflation: 9.2%. Unemployment:
13.6% (2006 est.). Arable land: 11%. Agriculture:
citrus, grapes, tea, hazelnuts, vegetables; livestock. Labor force:
2.02 million (2007 est.); industry 20%, agriculture 40%, services
40% (1999 est.). Industries: steel, aircraft, machine tools,
electrical appliances, mining (manganese and copper), chemicals, wood
products, wine. Natural resources: forests, hydropower,
manganese deposits, iron ore, copper, minor coal and oil deposits;
coastal climate and soils allow for important tea and citrus growth.
Exports: $1.24 billion (2007 est.): scrap metal, machinery,
chemicals; fuel reexports; citrus fruits, tea, wine. Imports:
$5.2 billion (2007 est.): fuels, machinery and parts, transport
equipment, grain and other foods, pharmaceuticals. Major trading
partners: Turkey, Turkmenistan, Bulgaria, Russia, Armenia, UK,
Azerbaijan, Germany, Ukraine, Canada, U.S. (2006). Communications: Telephones: main lines in
use: 544,000 (2007); mobile cellular: 2.4 million (2007). Radio
broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998).
Television broadcast stations: 12 (plus repeaters) (1998).
Internet hosts: 30,193 (2007). Internet users: 332,000
(2006). Transportation: Railways:
total: 1,612 km (2006). Highways: total: 20,247 km; paved:
7,973 km; unpaved: 12,274 km (2004). Ports and harbors:
Bat'umi, P'ot'i. Airports: 23 (2007). International disputes: Russia and Georgia
agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small,
strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE
observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the
Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in
Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993;
Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to
return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic
Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy
from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve
the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas.
Major sources and definitions
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Geography
Georgia is bordered by the Black Sea in the
west, by Turkey and Armenia in the south, by Azerbaijan in the east, and
Russia in the north. The republic also includes the Abkhazia and Ajara
autonomous republics and South Ossetia.
Government
Republic.
History
Georgia became a kingdom about 4 B.C. and Christianity was introduced in A.D. 337. During the reign of Queen Tamara
(1184–1213), its territory included the whole of Transcaucasia. During the
13th century, Tamerlane and the Mongols decimated its population. From the
16th century on, the country was the scene of a struggle between Persia
and Turkey. In the 18th century, it became a vassal to Russia in exchange
for protection from the Turks and Persians.
Georgia joined Azerbaijan and Armenia in 1917 to
establish the anti-Bolshevik Transcaucasian Federation and on its
dissolution in 1918 proclaimed its independence. In 1922, Georgia,
Armenia, and Azerbaijan were annexed by the USSR and formed the
Transcaucasian Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1936, Georgia became a
separate Soviet republic. Under Soviet rule it was transformed from an
agrarian country to a largely industrial urban society.
Georgia proclaimed its independence from the
USSR on April 6, 1991. In Jan. 1992, its leader, Zviad Gamsakhurdia, was
sacked and later accused of dictatorial policies, the jailing of
opposition leaders, human rights abuses, and clamping down on the media. A
ruling military council was established by the opposition until a civilian
authority could be restored. In 1992, Eduard Shevardnadze, the Soviet
Union's foreign minister under Gorbachev, became president.
In 1992–1993, the government engaged in armed
conflict with separatists in the breakaway province of Abkhazia. In 1994,
Russia and Georgia signed a cooperation treaty that authorized Russia to
keep three military bases in Georgia and allowed Russians to train and
equip the Georgian army. In 1996, Georgia and its breakaway region of
South Ossetia agreed to a cessation of hostilities in their six-year
conflict. With little progress in resolving the Abkhazia situation,
however, parliament in April 1997 voted overwhelmingly to threaten Russia
with loss of its military bases, should it fail to extend Russian military
control over the separatist region. In 1998, the U.S. and Britain began an
operation to remove nuclear material from Georgia, dangerous remains from
its Soviet years. A darling of the West since his days as the Soviet
Union's foreign minister, Shevardnadze was viewed far less favorably by
his own people, who were frustrated by unemployment, poverty, cronyism,
and rampant corruption. In the 2000 presidential elections, Shevardnadze
was reelected with 80% of the vote, though international observers
determined the election was marred by irregularities.
In 2002, U.S. troops trained Georgia's military
in antiterrorism measures in the hopes that Georgian troops would subdue
Muslim rebels fighting in the country. Tensions between Georgia and Russia
were strained over the Pankisi Gorge, a lawless region of Georgia that
Russia said had become a haven for Islamic militants and Chechen
rebels.
In May 2003, work began on the Georgian section
of the enormously ambitious Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, which runs
from Azerbaijan through Georgia to Turkey. The pipeline opened in July
2006.
Massive demonstrations began after the
preliminary results of the Nov. 2003 parliamentary elections. The
opposition party (and international monitors) claimed that the elections
were rigged in favor of Shevardnadze and the political parties who
supported him. After more than three weeks of massive protests,
Shevardnadze resigned on Nov. 30. Georgians compared the turn of events to
Czechoslovakia’s “velvet revolution.” In Jan. 2004 presidential elections,
Mikhail Saakashvili, the key opposition leader, won in a landslide. The
36-year-old lawyer built his reputation as a reformer committed to ending
corruption, and in his first three years as president, Saakashvili made
significant progress in rooting out the country's endemic corruption and
embarked on a series of reforms. Saakashvili's ongoing difficulty has been
reining in Georgia's two breakaway regions, South Ossetia and Abkhazia,
both of which are strongly supported by neighboring Russia.
Saakashvili's popularity took a hit in November
2007 when some 50,000 demonstrators gathered outside parliament in Tbilisi
and demanded early elections and his resignation. The opposition accused
Saakashvili of abusing power and stifling dissent. After three days of
protest, Saakashvili deployed riot police, who used tear gas and rubber
bullets to break up the demonstrations, and delcared a state of emergency.
Parliament voted 149 to 0 to approve the state of emergency. The
opposition in the 235-seat Parliament boycotted the vote, however.
Saakashvili later announced that a presidential election would be held in
January 2008, and he resigned to run in the race. Saakashvili won the
election, taking 52.8% of the vote, enough to avoid a runoff. Voters also
voted in a referendum in favor of joining NATO.
The United Nations declared that a Russian
fighter jet was responsible for destroying a Georgian reconnaissance
aircraft on April 20, 2008, which may end Russia's role as a neutral party
in the territorial dispute between Georgia and Abkhazia.
On August 7, 2008, the day after Georgia and a breakaway region, South Ossetia, signed a cease-fire, violence erupted in South Ossetia. At least 15 civilians and 10 Russian peacekeepers died in the fighting. On Aug. 8, Russia sent 150 tanks into South Ossetia to support the region. On Aug. 9, Russia intensified its involvement, moving troops into Abkhazia, another breakaway region, and launching airstrikes at Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia. Thousands of people were killed, hundreds were wounded, and thousands more fled their homes in South Ossetia. Speculation ensued that Russia's aggressive tactics were taken to gain control of Georgia's oil and gas export routes. On Aug. 12, President Medvedev ordered an end to military action in Georgia, although sporadic fighting continued. On Aug. 13, Russian tanks occupied Gori, a strategic town 40 miles from Tbilisi, and hundreds of Russian soldiers crossed the border into South Ossetia. Leaders of EU nations, the United States, and NATO have warned Russia to end the conflict in Georgia. On Aug. 14, in reaction to Russia’s incursion into Georgia, Poland, after months of stalling, agreed to allow the United States to install an anti-missile system on its soil. Russia said that Poland was now in danger of retaliation. On Aug. 16, Russian president Dmitri Medvedev signed a revised cease-fire, but Russian troops remained in Georgia. Georgia demanded that a provision in the original agreement be amended to allow only those Russian peacekeepers who were in Georgia before the hostilities began to remain. The deal was tentative at best.
See also Encyclopedia: Georgia
U.S. State Dept. Country Notes:
Georgia
State Department for Statistics www.statistics.ge/ .
Information Please® Database, © 2008 Pearson Education,
Inc. All rights reserved.
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