Rulers of the Byzantine Empire| Emperor (or Empress) | Dates of Reign |
|---|
| Constantine I (the Great) | 330–37 |
| Constantius | 337–61 |
| Julian (the Apostate) | 361–63 |
| Jovian | 363–64 |
| Valens | 364–78 |
| Theodosius I (the Great) | 379–95 |
| Arcadius | 395–408 |
| Theodosius II | 408–50 |
| Marcian | 450–57 |
| Leo I (the Great or the Thracian) | 457–74 |
| Leo II | 474 |
| Zeno | 474–75 |
| Basiliscus | 475–76 |
| Zeno (restored) | 476–91 |
| Anastasius I | 491–518 |
| Justin I | 518–27 |
| Justinian I (the Great) | 527–65 |
| Justin II | 565–78 |
| Tiberius II Constantinus | 578–82 |
| Maurice | 582–602 |
| Phocas | 602–10 |
| Heraclius | 610–41 |
| Constantine III and Heracleonas | 641 |
| Heracleonas | 641 |
| Constans II Pogonatus | 641–68 |
| Constantine IV | 668–85 |
| Justinian II Rhinotmetus | 685–95 |
| Leontius | 695–98 |
| Tiberius III | 698–705 |
| Justinian II (restored) | 705–11 |
| Philippicus Bardanes | 711–13 |
| Anastasius II | 713–15 |
| Theodosius III | 716–17 |
| Leo III (the Isaurian or the Syrian) | 717–41 |
| Constantine V Copronymus | 741–75 |
| Leo IV (the Khazar) | 775–80 |
| Constantine VI | 780–97 |
| Irene | 797–802 |
| Nicephorus I | 802–11 |
| Stauracius | 811 |
| Michael I | 811–13 |
| Leo V (the Armenian) | 813–20 |
| Michael II (the Stammerer) | 820–29 |
| Theophilus | 829–42 |
| Michael III (the Drunkard) | 842–67 |
| Basil I (the Macedonian) | 867–86 |
| Leo VI (the Wise or the Philosopher) | 886–912 |
| Alexander | 912–13 |
| Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus | 913–19 |
| Romanus I Lecapenus | 919–44 |
| Constantine VII (restored) | 944–59 |
| Romanus II | 959–63 |
| Basil II Bulgaroktonos | 963 |
| Nicephorus II Phocas | 963–69 |
| John I Tzimisces | 969–76 |
| Basil II (restored) | 976–1025 |
| Constantine VIII | 1025–28 |
| Zoë and Romanus III Argyrus | 1028–34 |
| Zoë and Michael IV (the Paphlagonian) | 1034–41 |
| Zoë and Michael V Calaphates | 1041–42 |
| Zoë and Theodora | 1042 |
| Zoë, Theodora, and Constantine IX Monomachus | 1042–50 |
| Theodora and Constantine IX | 1050–55 |
| Theodora | 1055–56 |
| Michael VI Stratioticus | 1056–57 |
| Isaac I Comnenus | 1057–59 |
| Constantine X Ducas | 1059–67 |
| Michael VII Ducas (Parapinaces) | 1067–68 |
| Romanus IV Diogenes | 1068–71 |
| Michael VII Ducas (restored) | 1071–78 |
| Nicephorus III Botaniates | 1078–81 |
| Alexius I Comnenus | 1081–1118 |
| John II Comnenus | 1118–43 |
| Manuel I Comnenus | 1143–80 |
| Alexius II Comnenus | 1180–83 |
| Andronicus I Comnenus | 1183–85 |
| Isaac II Angelus | 1185–95 |
| Alexius III Angelus | 1195–1203 |
| Isaac II (restored) and Alexius IV Angelus | 1203–4 |
| Alexius V Ducas | 1204 |
| Theodore I Lascaris | 1204–22 |
| John III Vatatzes or Ducas | 1222–54 |
| Theodore II Lascaris | 1254–58 |
| John IV Lascaris | 1258–61 |
| Michael VIII Palaeologus | 1259–82 |
| Andronicus II Palaeologus | 1282–1328 |
| Andronicus III Palaeologus | 1328–41 |
| John V Palaeologus | 1341–76 |
| John VI Cantacuzenus (usurper) | 1347–55 |
| Andronicus IV Palaeologus | 1376–79 |
| John V Palaeologus (restored) | 1379–91 |
| John VII Palaeologus (usurper) | 1390 |
| Manuel II Palaeologus | 1391–1425 |
| John VII Palaeologus (restored as coemperor) | 1399–1412 |
| John VIII Palaeologus | 1425–48 |
| Constantine XI Palaeologus | 1449–53 |
