Brest
[key], city, Finistère dept., NW France, on an inlet of the
Atlantic Ocean. It is a commercial port, an important naval station, and the
seat of the French Naval Academy. There is a national engineering school in
Brest and nearby is the Oceanographic Center of Brittany. Electronics
equipment, metals, paper, and clothing are the chief manufactures. The city
dates from Gallo-Roman times. The spacious, landlocked harbor was created in
1631 by Cardinal Richelieu as a military base and arsenal. In 1683, during
the reign of Louis XIV, Marshal Vauban built the ramparts and a castle. The
French repulsed the English in 1694 off Brest; in 1794 the English, under
Lord Howe, defeated the French fleet. During World War II the Germans had a
huge submarine base at Brest. Their heavily fortified submarine pens showed
few cracks under Allied air raids; but the city itself was almost completely
destroyed. The German garrison capitulated to U.S. troops in 1944.
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