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History and Government—Congressional Biographies—MassachusettsPICKERING, Timothy
(1745—1829)
Senate Years of Service:
1803-1811
Party:
Federalist
PICKERING, Timothy, a Senator and a Representative from Massachusetts; born in Salem, Mass., July 17, 1745; attended the grammar school and graduated from Harvard College in 1763; clerk in the office of register of deeds in Salem; studied law; admitted to the bar in 1768 and commenced practice in Salem; selectman and assessor 1772-1777; member of Committee on State of Rights of Colonists 1773; member of Committee of Correspondence and Safety 1774-1775; held various local offices; elected to the State legislature in 1776; entered the Revolutionary Army as colonel; appointed adjutant general and elected as a member of Board of War in 1777; became Quartermaster General of the Army in 1780; moved to Philadelphia in 1785 and to Wyoming County, Pa., in 1787; member of the Pennsylvania State constitutional convention 1789-1790; special government agent on missions to the Indians; appointed Postmaster General in the administration of President George Washington in 1791, as Secretary of War in 1795, and as Secretary of State 1795-1800; returned to Massachusetts in 1802; unsuccessful candidate for election in 1802 to the Eighth Congress; appointed chief justice of court of common pleas and general sessions of the peace in 1802; elected to the United States Senate as a Federalist in 1803 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Dwight Foster; reelected and served from March 4, 1803, to March 3, 1811; unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1811; censured by the Senate in 1811 for breach of confidence; member of the executive council of Massachusetts 1812-1813; elected as a Federalist to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses (March 4, 1813-March 3, 1817); declined to be a candidate for renomination; returned to his farm near Wenham, Mass.; returned to Salem in 1820; unsuccessful candidate for election to the Seventeenth Congress; died in Salem, Essex County, Mass., January 29, 1829; interment in Broad Street Cemetery.
Bibliography
American National Biography
; Dictionary of American Biography
; Clarfield, Gerald. Timothy Pickering and the American Republic
. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980; Prentiss, Hervey. Timothy Pickering as the Leader of New England Federalism, 1800-1815.
1934. Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972.
Allis, Frederick S., Jr., ed. Timothy Pickering Papers, 1758-1829.
Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1966. Microfilm. 69 reels guide. Distributed by UMI, Ann Arbor, MI.
Brown, Jeffrey Paul. “Timothy Pickering and the Northwest Territory.” Northwest Ohio Quarterly
53 (Fall 1981): 117-32.
Clarfield, Gerard H. “Postscript to the Jay Treaty: Timothy Pickering and Anglo-American Relations, 1795-1797.” William and Mary Quarterly
, 3d. ser. 23 (January 1966): 106-20.
___. Timothy Pickering and American Diplomacy, 1795-1800.
Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1969.
___. Timothy Pickering and the American Republic
. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980.
___. “Timothy Pickering and French Diplomacy, 1795-1796.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
104 (January 1968): 58-74.
___. “Victory in the West: A Study of the Role of Timothy Pickering in the Successful Consummation of Pinckney’s Treaty.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
101 (October 1965): 333-53.
Guidorizzi, Richard Peter. “Timothy Pickering: Opposition Politics in the Early Years of the Republic.” Ph.D. dissertation, St. John’s University, 1968.
Hickey, Donald R. “Timothy Pickering and the Haitian Slave Revolt: A Letter to Thomas Jefferson in 1806.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
120 (July 1984): 149-63.
McLean, David. Timothy Pickering and the Age of the American Revolution
. New York: Arno Press, 1982.
Phillips, Edward Hake. “The Public Career of Timothy Pickering, Federalist, 1745-1802.” Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1950.
___. “Salem, Timothy Pickering, and the American Revolution.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
111 (January 1975): 65-78.
___. “Timothy Pickering at His Best: Indian Commissioner, 1790-1794.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
102 (July 1966): 163-202.
Pickering, Octavius, and Charles W. Upham. The Life of Timothy Pickering
. 4 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, & Co., 1867-1873.
Pickering, Timothy. Political Essays. A Series of Letters Addressed to the People of the United States
. Canandaigua, NY: J.D. Bemis, 1812.
Prentiss, Hervey Pittman. “Pickering and the Embargo.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
69 (April 1933): 97-136.
___. “Timothy Pickering and the Federalist Party, 1801-1804.”Essex Institute Historical Collections
69 (January 1933): 1-35.
___. Timothy Pickering as the Leader of New England Federalism, 1800-1815
. 1934. Reprint. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972.
___. “Timothy Pickering and the War of 1812.” Essex Institute Historical Collections
70 (April 1934): 105-46.
Wilbur, William Allan. “Crisis in Leadership: Alexander Hamilton, Timothy Pickering and the Politics of Federalism, 1795-1804.” Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University, 1969.
___. “Timothy Pickering, Federalist Politician: An Historiographical Perspective.” Historian
34 (February 1972): 278-92.
Source: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1771-Present
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