The Answer:

Both entities were established by the the National Security Act of 1947, signed on July 26, 1947, by President Harry S. Truman. The act, which took effect on September 18 of that year, also created the National Security Council and the United States Air Force.

The Departments of War and Navy were combined to form the National Military Establishment; this became the Department of Defense when the act was amended in 1949. The Central Intelligence Agency is an independent executive bureau of the U.S. government, and replaced the wartime Office of Strategic Services (1942-45).

In related areas, we have a directory of current executive departments and independent government agencies, as well as a list of all the U.S. presidents and their cabinet members in our almanac.

—The Editors